Science

Know the equations for photosynthesis and respiration.
 * 3-11**

Cytokinesis: When the cytoplasm splits during cell division

[]
 * Cell Resources**
 * Vocab from Chapter 2 on Photosynthesis**

Interactive Cell Model []

Photosynthesis []

lithosphere- rock layer of the earth
 * Notes from 1-25-12**

atmosphere- all the gases in the air surrounding the earth

hydrosphere- all the water on earth (moisture in ground, ice, water vapor, clouds)

Biosphere- bio means living or where we find life -all living things on earth bacteria, birds, insects

There is overlap in these layers

Soil Formation and Composition workshet
 * Notes from 1-3-2012**

A Horizon: "topsoil"- crumbly, dark brown color (made of humus, clay and materials) B Horizon: "subsoil" - mainly clay and other particles, little or no humus, silt C Horizon- partly weathered rock, larger particles (weathered bedrock)

4. Soil forms when rocks are broken down and mized with other matierials: humus, water, and air. Soil is made of rock particles, minerals, dead organic materials, air and water

5. Organisms mix soil, add air spacs, add humus to enrich

6. by climate, common plants and soils, and composition (kinds of rocks)

7. d 8. h 9 e 10 f 11 b 12 i 13 c 14 a 15 g

Lab report due Tuesday: use size 16 font cover page- include heading, 2 sketches Page 2: data chart- rewrite if messy. Remember labels! Page 3- Answers to questions. TTQA Page 4: conclusion: What did you learn? What happened to the sugar cubes over the trials? What does this activity show you? What went wrong? Explain
 * Notes from 12-16**

Types of Weathering 1. Mechanical or physical- he breakdwon of rock material into smaller and smaller peices with no change in the chemical composition of the weathered material 2. chemical: the breakdown of rock by cheimical agents. Chief chemical agent is water
 * Notes from 12-9-11**

Mechanical weathering: Expansion and contraction- the thermal heating and cooling of rocks causing expansion and contraction

Frost action: freezing and thawing Water freezes at night and expands because the solid occupies greater volume. Frost Action wedges the rocks apart. (requires adequate supply of moisture and temperature must move back and forth above freezing)

There will be a quiz on topographic maps on Thursday!
 * Notes from 12-6-11**

Always write the latitude values before the longitude. Be sure to include "N' or "S", then "E' or "W"

The shape of the contour lines will point upstream. To determine which direction the river is flowing, reverse the lines and it will point in the right direction the river is flowing.
 * Notes from 12-3-11**

Topographic maps
 * Notes from 12-1-11**
 * **c**ontour lines connect places with the same elevation
 * Always remember your contour interval.
 * Rivers always run down hill, to a lower elevation, (direction- named for the direction in which you're going)
 * North on top of page, south on the bottom, east to the right,west to the left
 * Bench marks shown on maps b "x" gives exact elevation
 * Exact elevations are found on contour line or at a bench mark
 * If a point falls between two contour lines, the elevation will be given as a range of elevation
 * Range of elevation is a set of 2 numbers but cannot be the same values as the nearest lines
 * Depressions are shown as contour lines with hachure marks pointing inward
 * At the ridge of the depression, the elevation is always equal to the lower contour line that it is near

We started to learn about topographic maps today in class. [] This is a very informative site about topographic maps!
 * Notes from 11-30-11**


 * Notes from 11-18-11**

SONAR: Sound Navigation Ranging. Bats and dolphins use this to find their way around and communicate. It is used by ships and by submarines to navigate their way on the ocean floor.

Converge: when tectonic plates join together

Diverge: when tectonic plates move apart

Subduction: when tectonic plates converge and the bottom one starts to melt

35/1000 = 3.5% = Salinity
 * Notes from 11-17-11**

Why is it hard to study the ocean? > It is dark, so people can't see
 * The depth: the deeper you go in he water, the more pressure is exerted on you
 * It is very cold

The two most common elements in ocean water are sodium and chlorine

Things that cause an increase in salinity
 * Evaporation
 * Very warm temperatures
 * More freezing of ocean water
 * No precipitation

Things that cause a decrease in salinity
 * Rain/precipitation
 * Location of river
 * Melting glaciers/icebergs

Coriolis effect: see this link [|http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gh)/guides/mtr/fw/crls.rxml]
 * Notes from 11-16**

11-15 update: For the science quiz tomorrow, study waves, currents, tides, and the moon phases. Also, next Tuesday there will be a test on chapter 4 + 5. On November 29, there will be a quest on chapters 1, 2, 4, and 5. There is no new homework for tomorrow. Remember to fill out the moon observations sheet.
 * Notes from 11-15**

[|Moon phases calendar]
 * Notes from 11-08-11**

Moon phases terms waxing: increasing moon illumination

waning: decreasing moon illumination

Gibbous 51-99% moon illumncation

crescent: 1-49% moon illumination

New moon 0% Waxing crescent 1-49% (right side) First quarter 50 % - right side Waxing gibbous 51-99% - right side Full moon 100% waning gibbous 99-51%- left side Third quarter (last quarter) 50%- left side Waning crescent 49-1% (left side)


 * Notes from 10-25-11**

Answers to "Checking Concepts"

11. slope, rate of rainfall, nature of ground.

12. A tree fall at the edge of a river, the river takes a turn, then erosion and deposition occurs

13. Lake turnover happens in the fall. The air temperature gets cool and cools the water temperature at the surface. The cold water sinks and the warmer water rises and mixes the nutrients. This is a good thing for fish.

14. Wetlands provide food, and habitats. The birds need a place to rest after flying all this distance..

15. Artesian well, through a spring, geysers

pg 67 # 1-5

1. Layers of snow pile on top of each other and pack down 2. Because 90 % of the iceberg is below the surface and not visible 3. ?? 4.Continental and valley 5, They could be a source of drinking water, or used for industry.


 * Notes from 10-24-11**

Reservoir: a natural or artificial lake that stores water for human use

Eutrophication: the process by which nutrients in a lake build up over time, causing an increase in the amount of alage

Glacier: A slowly moving mass or river of ice formed by the accumulation and compaction of snow on mountains or near the poles

Answers to “A Model Aquifer” worksheet


 * 1) Clay is impermeable, so the water will stay on top and not soak in. There will be a great deal of runoff.
 * No, water cannot soak through the clay. She should reverse layer 1 and layer 3.
 * No, the well wont work because it is not below the water table.


 * Notes from 10-21-11**


 * Notes from 10-20-11**

Words to know: recharge, artesian well, water table, aquifer


 * Notes from 10-17-11**

The conclusion to the How Fast Does a Stream Flow lab is due Wednesday, along with the data chart.

For the conclusion, try to answer the questions: what did we learn and what did our data show us?

From experiment 1 to experiment 2, the volume, or amount of water changed. From experiment 3 to experiment 4, the volume, or amount of water, changed.

From experiment 1 to experiment 3, the slope, or slant of the table, changed. From experiment 2 to experiment 4, the slope, or slant of the table, changed.


 * When writing the conclusion, make sure to use the words "Volume" and "Slope."

The conclusion should be 2 paragraphs. One should discuss the slope, and one should discuss the volume. Compare the average stream speeds for each experiment.

Make sure you include labels. Speed is in cm/s.

Make sure your conclusion is typed. Hand in your data chart.

Streams' average times and streams' average speed
 * Notes from 10-14-11**

Lab Rule: All values will be rounded to the nearest hundredth.

Example: Timer 1: 2.67 seconds Timer 2: 2.48 seconds Timer 3: 2.56 seconds Timer 4: 2.93 seconds

To find average time, add all values and then divide by 4.

10.64/4 = 2.66 seconds

Speed = distance / avg. time

Speed = 100 cm / 2.66 = 37.59 cm/s

Example 2

Timer 1: 2.24 seconds Timer 2: 2.25 seconds Timer 3: 2.33 seconds Timer 4: 2.36 seconds

Average Time: 9.18 / 4 = 2.295 = 2.3 seconds

Speed = 100 cm / 2.3 seconds = 43.48 cm/s

Example 3 Timer 1: 1.44 s Timer 2: 1.46 s Timer 3: 1.49 s

Average Time: 4.39/3 = 1.46 seconds

speed = 100 cm / 1.46 s = 68.49 cm/s

Experiment 1 Experiment 2 Slowest fastest 1 Graduated Cylinder 2 Graduated Cylinders More water (volume of water)

Pg 52 Section Review
 * Notes from 10-13-11**

1. A river and all its tributaries

2. Erosion: water breaks off pieces of soil and rock and carries them away Deposition: The pieces of rock and soil are carried to a new location where they build up and form new landforms

3. Very heavy rain could increase a river’s water volume so much that the river overflows its channel and floods the land.

5. Around its headwaters, because the water is flowing more rapidly and therefore has more energy.

Pg 58 2. As the warm and cool air mix, nutrients are brought from the lake bottom to the surface.

5. The deeper the water is, the smaller the variety is of living things. Plants cannot live in deep water where sunlight does not reach. Without plants, fewer other organisms live in deep water.

Pg 64 2. By absorbing extra runoff from heavy rains; by acting like giant sponges, storing water, and gradually releasing it.

Speed = distance / time

Round all values to the nearest hundredth.

Headwater: source of the river
 * Notes from 10-11-11**

Mouth: end of the river

Delta: land that has formed because of deposition

Water always flows downstream, never upstream!

TheNileflows to the North, but the water still moves downstream.

River flow from higher elevation to lower elevation. This is because of gravity.

Erosion: movement away (sediments)

Deposition: movement to the new location Notes from 10-07-11 Oxbow lake- The crescent-shaped, cutoff body of water that remains after a river carves a new channel

Deposition- The process by which soil and fragments of rocks are deposited in a new location

Erosion- The process by which fragments of soil and rock are broken off from the ground surface and carried away

Flood plain- A broad, flat valley through which a river flows

Notes from 10-05-11 Notes from 10-04-11 Notes from 10-03-11

Notes from 9-30-11** Highest density of molecules: liquid has the highest density of molecules, then solids, then gas

Ice is less dense than liquid water. Try pushing an ice cube to the bottom of a glass of water.

There is more space between water molecules when solid.